Abstract Summary
Objective
This review evaluates the known side effects and safety concerns associated with ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), with emphasis on gastrointestinal, hepatic, and endocrine effects reported in human studies.
Context
Ashwagandha is widely used as an adaptogenic herb for stress, sleep, and hormonal support. Still, its increasing use in concentrated supplement form has raised questions about safety, product variability, and suitability for long-term use in diverse populations.
Methods Used
Approach
A focused literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed clinical trials, systematic reviews, case reports, and regulatory assessments to identify and evaluate adverse effects associated with ashwagandha supplementation.
Data Collection
Information was gathered from databases including PubMed and ScienceDirect, as well as reports from authoritative health organizations, with data extracted on reported side effects, duration of use, dosage ranges, and population-specific risk factors.
Researchers' Summary of Findings
Impact on Health
Ashwagandha is generally well-tolerated in healthy adults when used short-term, with the most commonly reported side effects being mild gastrointestinal discomfort and transient drowsiness; however, rare cases of liver injury and alterations in thyroid hormone levels have been documented, indicating potential risks for susceptible individuals.
Health Implications
Use of ashwagandha is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding and should be approached with caution by individuals with liver disease, thyroid disorders, autoimmune conditions, or those taking medications affecting endocrine or nervous system function, as long-term safety data remain limited.
Sustainability
Ashwagandha is an environmentally resilient plant, but ensuring safety and efficacy depends on sustainable cultivation practices, standardized extraction methods, and rigorous quality control to reduce variability and contamination in commercial supplements.
DOI
10.3390/ijerph20053921
