Abstract Summary
Objective
To summarize clinical findings on individuals who should avoid or use caution when taking melatonin, based on physiological, pharmacological, and safety considerations.
Context
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep–wake cycle. Although generally safe for short-term use, evidence suggests potential risks for specific groups, including children, pregnant individuals, and those with chronic illnesses or medication sensitivities.
Methods Used
Approach
A focused literature review was conducted using data from PubMed, NIH, Mayo Clinic, and NHS health databases. Emphasis was placed on safety data, pharmacological interactions, and hormonal outcomes.
Data Collection
Clinical and observational studies were reviewed for reports of adverse effects and contraindications among high-risk groups, including children, pregnant individuals, and patients with autoimmune or metabolic conditions.
Researchers’ Summary of Findings
Impact on Health
Melatonin is not recommended for children and adolescents due to uncertain effects on puberty and hormonal balance. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid use because of limited safety data. Those with autoimmune diseases, liver or kidney impairment, or seizure disorders should exercise caution, as melatonin may worsen these conditions. It can also interact with anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, diabetes medications, and hormonal contraceptives. Older adults may experience prolonged drowsiness or confusion due to slower metabolism.
Health Implications
In high-risk groups, melatonin may disrupt hormone regulation, immune function, or drug efficacy. Medical consultation is advised before use. Non-pharmacological sleep strategies should be prioritized.
Sustainability
As a synthetic hormone supplement, melatonin has minimal environmental impact but may discourage natural circadian regulation when used chronically.
DOI
10.1016/j.sleephealth.2024.017533
